Obesity Satire free essay sample

Obesity has become a huge problem throughout America. All Americans have quick and easy access to food at any time during their day. From 24-hour fast food restaurants to food stamps, there is no reason to go hungry here in the United States. However, this unlimited access is creating an unhealthy community. American Citizens are finding themselves stuck on their couches because their body weight restricts their movement! Some can hardly walk! Americans need to make change to their daily life styles before this issue becomes any worse than it already is. In effort to prevent overweight Americans, we must take a stand. All electronics must be removed from their possession, all motorized vehicles must be removed from the United States, and removing food from our society all together. This is the only way to help Americans fight their battle with obesity. Removing electronics from the possession of Americans will help them lose weight. We will write a custom essay sample on Obesity Satire or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page By confiscating all electronics, Americas won’t be drawn into fatty foods through TV and radio advertisements. If they aren’t consistently hearing about all the delicious foods that they could be eating, then they are less likely to crave them! They will be less aware of the new restaurants going in around town and won’t know about any specials around their community. This will force people to get off their couches in order to hear about these enticing foods. By eliminating all motorized vehicles from the United States would make it harder for citizens to travel to buy food. They won’t have easy access to restaurants or even grocery stores! Americans will have to dust off their bicycles and their running shoes and put them to use for once. This motivation will help them burn off all their access weight even faster! Americans will be required to use their own man power as transportation. If they refuse to do so, they will be forced to starve to death. This will not only save the American citizens, it will save the environment at the same time! By abolishing all motorized vehicles, the ozone will stop burning away, and the calories will begin to burn right off fat Americans! Removing food from America will cause American to scavenge for food just like the cavemen did. This will promote exercise within the community as well as a green lifestyle. By embracing their ancestors, Americans can hunt animals and search for berries if they want to survive. If they choose not to, then they will have to suffer the consequences that they brought among themselves. Without processed, greasy food, America will have no reason to gain weight! The entire population can lose all their excess weight and shed obesity right out of their genetic makeup! This way, future generations will be less prone to being overweight within their lifetime. Obese America must end! By ridding all American towns and cities of electronics, motorized vehicles, and food we will be one step closer to a skinnier country! We will even be able to grow in population since the citizens will take up less room. This will promote health in current generations as well as future generations. American can finally win this long fought battle by putting these three ideas to use.

Definition and Examples of Diglossia (Sociolinguistics)

Definition and Examples of Diglossia (Sociolinguistics) In sociolinguistics, diglossia is  a situation in which two distinct varieties of a language are spoken within the same speech community. Bilingual diglossia is a type of diglossia in which one language variety  is used for writing and another for speech. When people are bidialectal, they can use two dialects of the same language, based on their surroundings or different contexts where they use one or the other language variety.  The term  diglossia  (from the Greek for  speaking two languages) was first used in English by linguist Charles Ferguson in 1959. Diction Versus Diglossia Diglossia is more involved than just switching between levels of diction in the same language, such as going from slang or texting shortcuts to writing up a formal paper for a class or report for a business. Its more than being able to use a languages  vernacular. Diglossia, in a strict definition, is distinct in that the high version of a language isnt used for ordinary conversation and has no native speakers. Examples include the differences between standard and Egyptian Arabic; Greek; and Haitian Creole.   In the classic diglossic situation, two varieties of a language, such as standard French and Haitian  creole  French, exist alongside each other in a single society, explains author Robert Lane Greene. Each variety has its own fixed functions- one a high, prestigious variety, and one a low, or  colloquial, one. Using the wrong variety in the wrong situation would be socially inappropriate, almost on the level of delivering the BBCs nightly news in broad  Scots. He continues the explanation: Children learn the low variety as a native language; in diglossic cultures, it is the language of home, the family, the streets and marketplaces, friendship, and solidarity. By contrast, the high variety is spoken by few or none as a first language. It must be taught in school. The high variety is used for public speaking, formal lectures  and  higher education, television broadcasts, sermons, liturgies, and writing. (Often the low variety has no written form.) (You Are What You Speak. Delacorte, 2011) Author Ralph W. Fasold takes this last aspect a bit further, explaining that people are taught the high (H) level in school, studying its grammar and rules of usage, which they then apply to the low (L) level as well when speaking. However, he notes, In many diglossic communities, if speakers are asked, they will tell you L has no grammar, and that L speech is the result of the failure to follow the rules of H grammar (Introduction to Sociolinguistics: The Sociolinguistics of Society, Basil Blackwell, 1984). The high language also has more intense grammar- more inflections, tenses, and/or forms than the low version.   Neither is diglossia always as benign as a community that just  happens  to have two languages, one for law and one for chatting personally. Autor Ronald Wardhaugh, in An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, notes, It is used to assert  social  position and to keep people in their place, particularly those at the lower end of the social hierarchy (2006). Different Definition of Diglossia   Other definitions of diglossia dont require the social aspect to be present and just concentrate on the plurality, the different languages for different contexts. For example, Catalan (Barcelona) and Castillian (Spain as a whole) Spanish, dont have a social hierarchy to their usage but are regional. The versions of Spanish have enough overlap that they can be understood by speakers of each but are different languages. The same applies to  Swiss German and standard German; they are regional. In a bit wider definition of diglossia, it can also include  social dialects, even if the languages are not  completely separate, distinct languages. In the United States,  speakers of dialects such as Ebonics (African American Vernacular English, AAVE),  Chicano English  (ChE), and Vietnamese English (VE) also function in a diglossic environment. Some people argue that Ebonics has its own grammar and appears related in lineage to Creole languages spoken by enslaved people of the Deep South (African languages melding with English), but others disagree, saying that its not a separate language but just a dialect.   In this wider definition of diglossia,  the two languages can also borrow words from each other.

BRUNO Surname Meaning and Family History

BRUNO Surname Meaning and Family History From the Italian word for brown, Bruno was often used as a nickname for a person with brown hair, skin, or clothes. From the German  brun, meaning dark or brown. It may also be a habitational surname for individuals who lived in or near a place named Bruno, such as the city of Bruno in Italys Piedmont region. Bruno is the 11th most common surname in Italy. According to WorldNames PublicProfiler it is currently most common throughout southern Italy, in the regions of Calabria, Basilicata, Puglia, and Sicilia. The next part of the world where the Bruno surname is most often found in Argentina, followed by France and Luxembourg. Alternate Surname Spellings:  BRUNI, BRUNA, BRUNAZZI, BRUNELLO, BRUNERI, BRUNONE, BRUNORI Surname Origin:  Italian, Portuguese Famous People with the Bruno Last Name Francesco Fa di Bruno  - Italian priest and mathematicianGiordano Bruno - Italian philosopherDylan Bruno - American actor Where the Bruno Surname Is Most Common The Bruno surname, according to surname distribution information from  Forebears, is most prevalent in Brazil but ranks highest based on the percentage of the population in Italy, where it is the 14th most common surname in the country. Bruno is also a common last name in Argentina. Data from  WorldNames PublicProfiler  also  indicates the Bruno surname is most common in Italy, followed by Argentina, France, Luxembourg, and the United States. Within Italy, Bruno is most common in the southern regions- Calabria, Basilicata, Puglia, Sicilia, Campania, Molise, and Abruzzo, in that order. It is also common in Piemonte and Liguria in the north. Genealogy Resources for the Surname Bruno Meanings of Common Italian Surnames: Uncover the meaning of your Italian last name with this free guide to Italian surname meanings and origins for the most common Italian surnames.The Bruno DNA Project: This group is open to all families with the Bruno surname of all spelling variations from any location in the world. The goal is to join together to use Y-DNA  testing, paper trails, and research to identify other individuals with whom they share a common ancestor.Bruno Family Crest - Its Not What You Think: Contrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Bruno family crest or coat of arms for the Bruno surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male-line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted.BRUNO Family Genealogy Forum: This free message board is focused on descendants of Bruno ancestors around the world. Search the forum for posts about your Bruno ancestor s, or join the forum and post your own queries.   FamilySearch - BRUNO Genealogy: Explore over 429,000  results from digitized  historical records and lineage-linked family trees related to the Bruno surname on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.BRUNO Surname Mailing List: Free mailing list for researchers of the Bruno surname and its variations includes subscription details and searchable archives of past messages.GeneaNet - Bruno Records: GeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Bruno surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries.The Bruno Genealogy and Family Tree Page: Browse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Bruno  surname from the website of Genealogy Today.Ancestry.com: Bruno Surname: Explore over 1.1  million digitized records and database entries, including census records, passenger lists, military records, land deeds , probates, wills and other records for the Bruno surname on the subscription-based website, Ancestry.com. References Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998.Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003.Hanks, Patrick, and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997.Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

MGM Inovation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

MGM Inovation - Essay Example The Linus Pauling quote â€Å"the best way to have good ideas is to have lots of ideas – and then throw away the bad ones† magnetized the attention of the group members. In addition, the group was mesmerized by another quote. The quote shows that everyone should never doubt that any group of truly committed members can instill significant and meaningful changes in our complex world. The group focused the wonders of the internet’s role in the complex world. The historical discussion of the internet showed that the borders among the different nations of the world were removed. The group accepted the fact that the mediocre person cannot live without accessing the internet. Initially seen as a ridiculous idea, the internet tinkering blossomed into its current metamorphosed necessity status, one of the greatest events of global history. Bettina Stamm (Stamm 1) insists that management innovation fuels success and profits, specifically product and process innovation. Creativity and implementation are the two necessary components of management innovation. Further, the group members focused on the topic How to wisely use my time? Consequently, t he 11 step process was crafted. The process started with the first step, organize you. The process included other procedures like planning activities, avoiding distractions, being prepared for unexpected situations, and letting others help you. The other procedures included setting timers, learning from your mistakes and trying to follow a daily routine. In terms of results, the researcher visited a local sushi place. The sushi place only had a handful of clients. Literally the researcher saw only one customer in the place. The customer was taking his time enjoying his sushi meal. The customer only conversed when he ordered a drink and when he paid the check. The researcher opines that the customer regularly patronizes the sushi place. Next, the

Vibration of two degree systems (Aircraft wing) Essay

Vibration of two degree systems (Aircraft wing) - Essay Example Above such a critical speed, an accidental deformation of the fin/wing will lead to a large angle of twist (torsion). This critical speed is called the divergence speed, and the fin/wing is said to be torsionally divergent. Rocket fins should be designed so the divergence speed is never exceeded at any altitude during the flight. FLUTTER VELOCITY: Flutter is a dynamic instability of an elastic body (wing or fin) in an airstream and like divergence the only forces necessary to produce flutter are those due to the deflection of an elastic structure from its initially un-deformed state. The flutter velocity or critical speed UF and frequency F are defined respectively as the lowest airspeed and corresponding circular frequency at which an elastic body flying at a given atmospheric pressure and temperature will exhibit sustained harmonic oscillation. When there is no flow and the rocket's fin is disturbed, say, by a poke with a rod, oscillation or vibration occurs, which is damped (reduction of amplitude caused by structural resistance) gradually over successive vibration cycles. When the speed of flow is gradually increased, the rate of damping of the oscillation of the disturbed fin increases at first. With further increase in rocket velocity, however, a point is reached at which the damping rapidly decreases.

Melbourne Convention and Exhibition Center Construction

Melbourne Convention and Exhibition Center Construction Timber: Cut it from the trees, very strong, cut it with long pieces and can reduce the length easily We can use for all building no specific place, we use timber because it is strength enough Clay: One of oldest building s materials, among other ancient, naturally occurring geologic material such as stone Almost clay is used as a roof. We use it because it saves energy and emissions Coconut palm Wood: we can bring it from natural, strong and flexible at the same timeUse it in the flooring, we use it because it is the cheapest type of wood Straw: It’s a product, can use for insulation and construction purposes Placed in bales and stacked into walls, we use straw because it is helping the environment tremendously and safe the budget Cork: Unique material, bring it from Portugal, natural resourceWe can use it as bricks if we mix it with water Adobe: Made of clay and dirt, mix it with water o form itUse for a full building not in specific place, we use it because it is easy to make and its almost natural friend material Hemp: It is plant. We get it from the natural, used for insulation Put it in the form of block to provide thermal insulation, we use it to protect the interior of a building from summers hot Bamboo: Natural friend material, less cost, long life. It is a perfect flooring material, we use it because it save our money and protect our planet from any pollution Recycled rubber: Renewable source, from rubber tree, not expensive, used for modern buildings Can used in flooring for building, we use it because its rubber in itself is a renewable resource which is sustainable â€Å"Melbourne Convention and Exhibition Center (MCEC)† In these days must be on the world development in the construction method so came science and the human mind in this way, a sustainable building, sustainable building is to build a way environmentally friendly is not contaminated in any way because of this construction is based on materials and natural elements that do not affect the environment in any way this is easy bit we produce here from recycled or renewable sources, and one of these sustainable building is Melbourne convention center which is in Australia and it is the first convention city in the world. â€Å"Melbourne Convention and Exhibition Center (MCEC)† it is two adjacent buildings next to †the Yara River in South Wharf, an inner-city suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia†. â€Å"Melbourne Convention and Exhibition Trust† is the owner and manager. â€Å"The Melbourne Exhibition Center Trust† was made in â€Å"August 1994† with the obligation of supervising the development and improvement of â€Å"the Melbourne Exhibition Center†. On â€Å"5 February 1997 the Melbourne Convention and Exhibition Trust† started, supplanting the past trust with the included extent of â€Å"the Melbourne Convention Center†, once called the World Congress â€Å"Center Melbourne. In August 1997 the Melbourne Convention and Exhibition Trust† got to be manager and venue director of both the â€Å"Melbourne Exhibition Center and the Melbourne Convention Center†. (Eco-friendlyhouses.blogspot.com, 2015) It Is also responsible for managing, promoting, and the use of the Royal Exhibition building in the Carlton Gardens. As a government-owned trust, â€Å"The Melbourne Convention and Exhibition† Trust is responsible to the Minister for Tourism The building is essentially a since quite a while ago shed which has differentiated operable dividers â€Å"(every esteemed at $250,000)†. This permits the space to be part from a most extreme of â€Å"30,000 square meters of 360 meters in length by 84 meters wide into at least 3,000 square meter spaces†. The single volume with an extent of length to width of â€Å"more or less 2.5:1 was picked†. Other than the show space, the building additionally has a cellar that has the â€Å"capacity hold 1,000 vehicles† (Wikipedia, 2015). From the primary passageway, guests would have the capacity to see the â€Å"450 meters† southward vista of the concourse and the mezzanine overhangs. On the first carpet of the section structure and stretching out along the mezzanine stage, there are meeting and capacity rooms which differentiates the twofold tallness lobby and concourse. Some have extensive windows disregarding the presentation. â€Å"The Melbourne Exhibition Center was to be fabricated bigger than the Sydney Exhibition Building while as yet costing the same† (Wikipedia, 2015). The building has turned into a symbol in Melbourne because of the primary passageway which comprises of metal cutting edges tilted at an edge and bolstered by a couple of yellow poles which is difficult to miss even among its more conspicuous neighbors. The site for the Exhibition Center was beforehand the site for Daryl Jacksons Museum of Victoria. â€Å"The brief obliged DCM to work with the incompletely constructed solid structure† (Eco-friendlyhouses.blogspot.com, 2015). As indicated by Melbourne engineer and commentator Norman Day, â€Å"the section free space could be related to the Russian Constructivist of the 1920s, for example, the Vesnin brothers Kiev line station plot 1926†. An alternate connection to the Russian Constructivist is the cantilevered structure upheld by yellow steel props and in addition the extensive metal letters orchestrated over the highest point of the passage. The building consists of two different roof designs which are calculated at distinctive bearings. This was because of the aim to make two distinctive effective spaces which is the show space and the general population space (concourse of the building). By this technique, the engineers figure out how to make two separate situations, one which is an encased presentation space and an alternate is the concourse which is interested in people in general. Because of the brief that obliged the building to be developed in a short measure of time and spare cost, a dreary arrangement of indistinguishable trusses clad in aluminum sheet were utilized. On top of that, the trusses must be strong with a specific end goal to give sound separation starting with one corridor then onto the next. In the meantime, to lessen the compass, and to solidify them along the side, the designers decreased them in cross segment. The two lines of segments that are placed in the verandah (the buildings long facade confronting the waterway) are expected to give an unpretentious detachment of the inside and outside of the building. The sharpened pieces of steels which are placed along the concourse are hued in a progression of Francis-Bacon-motivated hues, with corridor numbers stenciled on. This fills as a twofold need of interspersing the direct volume and marking the corridors. The air motion facilitating treatment of the corridor overhang, which scatters wind, impacted an alternate Melbourne draftsman, Peter Elliott, in the outline of the Spencer Street Footbridge in1999. â€Å"The Melbourne Exhibition Center was recompensed the Sir Zelman Cowen Award for open construction modeling in 1996† (Eco-friendlyhouses.blogspot.com, 2015). â€Å"The old Convention Center on the inverse side of the Yarra River was opened in May 1990 and has facilitated a great many traditions and gatherings† (Peterbennetts.com, 2015). The building was initially expected to be utilized by the Melbourne Museum yet Jeff Kennett interceded amid development to have the building utilized as a tradition focus. â€Å"The new Convention Center, ashore neighboring the Exhibition Center, finished in 2009. At an expense of a$1 billion, the improvement comprises of a 5541 seat Plenary Hall that can be isolated into three different theaters, 32 meeting rooms of different sizes, a thousand dining rooms and also a Hilton inn, office, private and retail space. It was created by a consortium drove by Brookfield Multiplex and Plenary Group and outlined by Larry Oltmanns† (YouTube, 2015). The new focus utilizes a scope of highlights as a part of request to accomplish a 6 Star Green Star ecological rating and to turn into the first tradition focus on the planet with that rating. The planners for the improvement were NH Architecture and Woods Begot. â€Å"The new Melbourne Convention Center was honored the Australian Construction Achievement Award in 2010† (YouTube, 2015). The two lines of segments that are placed in the verandah (the developings long outside conflicting with the conductor) are obliged to give a legitimate partition of inside and outside of the building. The sharpened bits of steels which are situated along the concourse are shaded in a development of Francis-Bacon-impelled tints, with passage numbers stenciled on. This fills as a twofold need of sprinkling the direct volume and signifying the ways. The air development empowering treatment of the passage overhang, which disseminates wind, influenced an alternate Melbourne craftsman, Peter Elliott, in the system of the Spencer Street Footbridge in 1999. The honed bits of steels which are put along the concourse are shaded in a movement of Francis-Bacon-stirred shades, with anteroom numbers stenciled on. This fills as a twofold need of blending the direct volume and denoting the halls. The air development advanced treatment of the passage covering, which scrambles wind, influenced another Melbourne originator, Peter Elliott, in the setup of the Spencer Street Footbridge in 1999. To conclude we have to make this building as a target to make all the buildings all over the world as good as Melbourne convention and exhibition center because they use sustainable materials to build it, so it is a natural friend building they use many sustainable materials such as timber that we can get it from cutting the trees they use timber because it is very strong material. And they use straw that they place it in bales and stacked into walls to provide insulation for the building, and use adobe to that is made of clay and dirt and they mix it with water to form it. This way of build is helping us and help the nature from global warming; Because this phenomenon is a threat to our earth, because the ozone layer becomes weak day after day and the holes in the ozone layer becomes more which leads to the melting of icebergs in the Arctic and Antarctic, leading to rising water level in the sea, and this certainly will cause the sinking of some cities coastal. In near future most o f the buildings all over the world will be sustainable buildings because most of the used sustainable materials are coming from the nature and some of them is renewable and the great reason is these materials are nature friend and it doesn’t harm our mother earth. All in all technology for building improve every day and the technology will not reach to specific point, and these time the technology depends on the materials that they are coming from the nature and also looking for renewable sources to use it for ever and these two properties we can found it in the most sustainable materials.

Heroin Addiction Essay

According to The National Institute on Drug Abuse, heroin is an illegal, highly addictive drug. It is both the most abused and the most rapidly acting of the opiates. Heroin is processed from morphine, a naturally occurring substance extracted from the seed pod of certain varieties of poppy plants. It is typically sold as a white or brownish powder or as the black sticky substance known on the streets as â€Å"black tar heroin†. Although purer heroin is becoming more common, most street heroin is†cut† with other drugs or with substances such as sugar, starch, powdered milk, or quinine. Street heroin can also be cut with strychnine or other poisons. Because heroin abusers do not know the actual strength of the drug or its true contents, they are at risk of overdose or death. Heroin also poses special problems because of the transmission of HIV and other diseases that can occur from sharing needles or other injection equipment. According to the 2003 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, which may actually underestimate illicit opiate (heroin) use, an estimated 3. 7 million people had used heroin at some time in their lives, and over 119,000 of them reported using it within the month preceding the survey. An estimated 314,000 Americans used heroin in the past year, and the group that represented the highest number of those users were 26 or older. The survey reported that, from 1995 through 2002, the annual number of new heroin users ranged from 121,000 to 164,000. During this period, most new users were age 18 or older (on average, 75 percent) and most were male. In 2003, 57. 4 percent of past year heroin users were classified with dependence on or abuse of heroin, and an estimated 281,000 persons received treatment for heroin abuse. According to the monitoring the Future survey, NIDA’s nationwide annual survey of drug abuse among the Nation’s 8th, 10th, and 12th graders, heroin use remained stable from 2003-2004. Lifetime heroin use measured 1. 6 percent among the 8th graders and 1. 5 percent among 10th- and 12th graders. The 2002 Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN), which collects data on drug related hospital emergency department (ED) episodes from 21 metropolitan areas, reported that in 2002, heroin -related ED episodes numbered 93,519. NIDA’s Community Epidemiology Work Group (CEWG), which provides information about the nature and patterns of drug use in 21 areas, eported in its December 2003 publication that heroin was mentioned as the primary drug of abuse for large portions of drug abuse treatment admissions in Baltimore, Boston, Detroit, Los Angeles, Newark, New York, and San Francisco. How is heroin used? Heroin is usually injected, sniffed/snorted, or smoked. Typically, a heroin abuser may inject up to four times a day. Intravenous injection provides the greatest intensity and most rapid onset of euphoria (7 to 8 seconds), while intramuscular injection produces a relatively slow onset of euphoria (5 to 8 minutes). When heroin is sniffed or smoked, peak effects are usually felt within 10 to 15 minutes. NIDA researchers have confirmed that all forms of heroin administration are addictive. Injection seems to be the predominant method of heroin use among addicted users seeking treatment; in many CEWG areas, heroin injection is reportedly on the rise, while heroin inhalation is declining. However, certain groups, such as White suburbanites in the Denver area, report smoking or inhaling heroin because they believe that these routes of administration are less likely to lead to addiction. With the shift in heroin abuse patterns comes an even more diverse group of users. In recent years, the availability of higher purity heroin (which is more suitable for inhalation) and the decreases in prices reported in many areas have increased the appeal of heroin for new users who are reluctant to inject. Heroin has also been appearing in more affluent communites (z). According to the NDIA the immediate effects of heroin (the short term), soon after injection (or inhalation), heroin crosses the blood-brain barrier. In the brain, heroin is converted to norphine and binds rapidly to opioid receptors. Abusers typically report a feeling a surge of pleasurable sensation-a â€Å"rush†. The intensity of the rush is a function oof how much drug is taken and how rapidly the drug enters the brain and binds to the natural opioid receptors. Heroin is particularly addictive because it enters the brain so rapidly. With heroin, the rush is usually accompanied by a warm flushing of the skin, dry mouth, and a heavy feeling in the extremities, which may be accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and severe itcing. After the initial effects, abusers usually will be drowsy for several hours. Mental function is clouded by heroin’s effect on the nervous system. Cardiac function slows. Breathing is also severely slowed, sometimes to the point of death. Heroin overdose is a particular risk on the street, where the amount and purity of the drug cannot be known. The long term effects of heroin use and the most detrimental is addiction itself. Addiction is a chronic, relapsing disease, characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use, and by neurochemical and molecular changes in the brain. Heroin also produces profound degrees of tolerance and physical dependence, which are also motivating factors for compulsive use and abuse. As with abusers of any addictive drug, heroin abusers gradually spend more and more time and energy obtaining and using the drug. Once they are addicted, the heroin abuser’s primary purpose in life becomes seeking and using drugs. The drugs literally change their brains and their behavior. Physical dependence develops with higher doses of the drug. With physical dependence, the body adapts to the presence of the drug and withdrawal symptoms occur if use is reduced abruptly. Withdrawal may occur within a few hours after the last time the drug is taken. Symptoms of withdrawal include restlessness, muscle and bone pain, insomnia, diarrhea, vomiting, cold flashes with goose bumps (cold turkey), and leg movements. Major withdrawal symptoms peak between 24 and 48 hours after the last dose of heroin and subside after about a week. However, some people have shown persistant withdrawal signs for many months. Heroin withdrawal is never fatal to otherwise healthy adults, but it can cause death to the fetus of a pregnant addict. At some point during continuous heroin use, a peson can become addicted to the drug. Sometimes addicted individuals will endure many of the withdrawal symptoms to reduce their tolerance for the drug so that they can again experience the rush. Physical dependence and the emergence of withdrawal symptoms were once believed to be the key features of heroin addiction. We now know this not to be the case entirely, since craving and relapse can occur weeks and months after withdrawal symptoms are long gone. We also know that patients with chronic pain who need opiates to function (sometimes over extended periods) have few if any problems leaving opiates after their pain is resolved by other means. This may be because the patient in pain is simply seeking relief of pain and not the rush sought by the addict. The Medical consequences of chronic heroin injection use include scarred and/or collapsed veins, bacterial infections of the blood vessels and heart valves, abscesses (boils) and other soft –tissue infections, and liver or kidney disease. Lung complications (including various types of pneumonia and tuberculosis) may result from the poor health condition of the abuser as well as from heroin’s depressing effects on respiration. Many of the additives in street heroin may include substances that do not ready dissolve and result in clogging the blood vessels that lead to the lungs, liver, kidneys, or brain. This can cause infection or even death of small patches of cells in vital organs. Immune reactions to these or other contaminants can cause arthritis or rheumatologic problems. Ofcourse, sharing of injection equipment or fluids can lead to some of the most severe consequences of heroin abuse-infections with hepatitis B and C, HIV, and a host of other blood-borne viruses, which drug abusers can then pass on to their sexual partners and children.